Suomessa on menty muihin nähden eteenpäin huimaa vauhtia viimeiset 100 vuotta, Italia sen sijaan on jäänyt keskiajalle. Tuskin mikään on niin säälittävää kuin pitää takapakkia isolla vaihteella vetäneen maan satoja vuosia sitten ollutta asemaa sivistysvaltiona jonkinlaisena ylpeydenaiheena. Paitsi ehkä se, kun Italian asemaa nykystandardien mukaisena sivistysvaltiona Suomeen nähden puolustelee italofiili suomalainen.
Italian historiallinen "sivistys" liittyy lähinnä kuvataiteisiin. Älystään luigit eivät koskaan ole olleet tunnettuja. Löytyy yksi säännön vahvistava poikkeus - Galileo Galilei.
An alphabetical list of Italian inventionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Italian_inventionsA
Airpower, strategic doctrine first formulated by Giulio Douhet[1]
Aerial warfare, airstrike, aerial resupply and aerial reconnaissance. The first use of airplanes in an actual war occurred in the 1911 Italo-Turkish War with the Italian Army Air Corps conducting reconnaissance missions by airplane and bombing a Turkish camp at Ain Zara, Libya [2]
Alpini, first unit of mountain troops, created in 1872 [3]
Amici roof prism invented by Giovan Battista Amici [4]
Amici prism invented by Giovan Battista Amici [4]
Anemometer developed by Leon Battista Alberti in 1450.[5]
Architonnerre, steam-powered cannon invented by Leonardo da Vinci
Artificial insemination first studied and developed by Lazzaro Spallanzani in 1784 at the University of Pavia [6] [7]
Artificio de Juanelo, mechanical water pumps built in Toledo
Anatomical theatre
Avogadro constant, a chemical concept relating to the Mole, discovered by Amedeo Avogadro .[8]
B
Ball bearings invented by Leonardo Da Vinci in the 1500s [9]
Ballistics the discipline of ballistics was initially studied and developed by Italian mathematician Niccolo Tartaglia[10]
Bank, the Bank of San Giorgio opened for business in Genoa, Italy in 1149[11][12]
Barometer invented by Evangelista Torricelli in 1643 [13][14][15]
Battery (electricity) constructed by Alessandro Volta in 1800 .[16] [17]
Battledress The first mass-produced military camouflage was the Italian telo mimetico ("mimetic cloth") pattern of 1929, used to cover a shelter-half (telo tenda). [18] [19]
Binishell a rapidly erected building invented by Dante Bini using airforms.[20][21]
Bossi-Bonomi Pedaliante a man powered aircraft which flew successfully [22]
C
Calcio (Fiorentino)
Carbon filament light bulb a light bulb invented by Alessandro Cruto in 1881 [23]
Carbon paper Invented by Pellegrino Turri in 1806 [24]
Carburetor invented by Luigi De Cristoforis in 1876 [25] [26]
Cephalosporins antibiotics. Discovered by Giuseppe Brotzu in 1948.[27]
Cloning (the first horse) accomplished by Cesare Galli in 2003 [28]
Cloning (endangered species of wildlife) first Gaur cloned by Philip Damiani in 2001 (Damiani is an italian-american scientist.[29]
Codex the precursor of modern books, invented during Roman times [30]
Condom invented by Gabriele Fallopio in 1564 [31]
Coronary stent, medical device co-invented by Dr. Cesare Gianturco in 1976[32]
D
Decompression chamber invented by Alberto Gianni in 1916.[33][34]
Digital Synthesizer (musical computerized instrument). Fist practical Synthesizer was created by Giuseppe di Giugno in 1976.[35]
Dictionary invented by Ambrogio Calepino in 1502.
Dipleidoscope invented by Giovan Battista Amici.
Doppio Borgato
Double-entry bookkeeping system, invented in the mercantile city-states of medieval Italy and first documented by Lucas de Burgo in Venice. Perfected by Amatino Mannucci in the 14th century.[36]
Doxorubicin a chemotherapy agent invented by Farmitalia Spa in the 1950s .[37]
Dulbecco’s modified Eagle's medium (DMEM), a culture medium invented by Renato Dulbecco, which is suitable for most mammalian cells, making it possible to grow them in culture. See Eagle's minimal essential medium
Dynamo the first practical electric generator was described in 1863 by Antonio Pacinotti in a paper in the Physics Journal "Il nuovo cimento" [38]
E
Eau de Cologne (perfume) developed by Johann Maria Farina in 1709 [39]
Electroplating a manufacturing technique invented by Luigi Brugnatelli in 1805.[40]
Epidemiology. This discipline was created by Girolamo Fracastoro in the mid 16th century.[41]
Espresso machine invented by Achille Gaggia in 1946.
Eyeglasses invented by Salvino Armati in 1280
F
Fabian strategy. A guerrilla-warfare strategy first impelemented by Quintus Fabius Maximus “Cunctator” in 217 BC [42]
Frogmen, introduced in 1938 by the Italian navy
G
Geothermal energy harnessed to heat public baths in Aquae Sulis (Bath, England)
Girandoni Air Rifle, first repeating rifle used in combat, 50 years before the Henry repeating rifle[43][44]
H
Helicopter In 1877 Enrico Forlanini's unmanned helicopter, powered by a steam engine was the first that rose to a height of 12 meters (40 ft), hovering for some 20 seconds after a vertical take-off. [45][46]
Highway, first Autostrada built in 1921
Human torpedo the first example of a swimmer delivery vehicle used in combat
Hydrofoil, developed by Enrico Forlanini in 1900
I
Induction motor Invented by Galileo Ferraris (Nikola Tesla developed a similar invention around the same time) [47][48][49][50][51][52][53]
Induction regulator[citation needed]
In vitro fertilization first performed by Lazzaro Spallanzani at the University of Pavia [54] [55]
Italian school of swordsmanship
Internal combustion engine, first four-cylinder engine credited to Eugenio Barsanti and Felice Matteucci[56]
J
Jacuzzi (Pool tub) developed by Italian-American inventor Roy Jacuzzi in 1968
Jetboat Italian engineer Secondo Campini demonstrated a jet boat in Venice in 1932 [57]
Jumping position in horsemanship, developed by Federico Caprilli
K
Knockout mice, genetically engineered mice which are used to study the function of genes, developed by Italian-born US Scientist Mario Capecchi in 1989. Prof Capecchi was awarded the 2007 Nobel Prize in Medicine for this innovation. [58]
L
Latin alphabet
Law School The Studium of the University of Pavia was founded in AD 825 and is the oldest law school in the world.
Liposuction medical procedure invented by Dr Giorgio Fischer in 1974.
M
Magic lantern, sometimes credited to 15th century Venetian engineer Giovanni Fontana
MAS (boat) one of the first examples of fast attack craft which demonstrated its effectiveness in the sinking of the Austrian battleship SMS Szent Istvan in 1918 at the closing of the First World War.
Medical School (Schola Medica Salernitana)
Medical thermometer invented by Sanctorius in the early 1600s
Microprocessor, developed by Italian-born American engineer Federico Faggin[59]
Microscopic anatomy and histology pioneered by Marcello Malpighi in the 1660s
Mile, a unit of distance based on the distance covered in 1,000 steps by a Roman legionnaire
Moka pot
Molecular engine, a nanoscale engine whose first example was built by italian-born American scientist Carlo Montemagno in 1996. [60]
Montessori education developed by Maria Montessori in 1907.
MOPP (medicine), a combination chemotherapy regimen used to treat Hodgkin's disease. MOPP was the first combination chemotherapy brought in that achieved a high success rate. It was developed in the 1960s by a team led by Vincent DeVita, Jr..[61]
Mountain paratroopers. created in the 1950s with the Alpini Paracadutisti platoons that later formed the Monte Cervino Battalion
MPEG. This technology which is the basis for MP-3 was developed by Leonardo Chiariglione in 1988 .[62][63][64]
Musical notation, staff notation invented by Guido d'Arezzo in 1028 AD.
N
Nail (fastener) invented during the Roman era
Newspaper the first newspaper started circulating in Venice in 1563.
Nitroglycerin, first synthesized by Ascanio Sobrero in 1847
Nuclear reactor, first artificial reactor built by Enrico Fermi in 1942 [65]
O
Oxygen rebreather a design for an ARO apparatus which was practical and reliable was developed in Italy by Dario Gonzatti-Emilio Cressi—Duilio Marcante in the 1930s. Emilio Cressi became the founder of the Italian company Cressi-Sub. [66]
P
Pantelegraph, a device for telegraphic transmission of writing and drawing invented by Giovanni Caselli. Commercial service started in 1865.[67])
Paratroopers, first drop carried out in 1927[citation needed]
Patent law
Pendolino a tilting train developed by Fiat Ferroviaria in the 1960s.
Piano a musical instrument invented by Bartolomeo Cristofori in 1709.
Pistol invented in Pistoia, Italy by Caminello Vitelli [68]
Polymers, invented by Giulio Natta
Polypropylene, invented by Giulio Natta [69]
Porro prism
Q
Quick release skewer
R
Radiator (heating) developed by Polish/Russian Engineer Franz San Galli who was of Italian Descent.[70][71]
Radio, first long-range transmission by Guglielmo Marconi in 1895
Radio direction finder improved version invented by Ettore Bellini and Alessandro Tosi in 1907.[72]
Recombinant DNA Vaccine developed in 1983-1984 by Enzo Paoletti and Dennis Panicali.[73]
Reggio Emilia approach, education method
Roman acqueduct a practical system to transport water over very long distances [74]
Roman bridge
Roman law[75]
Roman roads the first extensive network of paved roads
S
Scuderi Engine developed by Italian-born American engineer Carmelo Scuderi
Stem cells as vectors for Gene Therapy in 1992 Doctor Claudio Bordignon working at the Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy performed the first procedure of gene therapy using hematopoietic stem cells as vectors to deliver genes intended to correct hereditary diseases [76]
Stem Cell transplant to treat Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Developed in 1996 by Alberto Marmont De Haut Champs [77]
Scissors, pivoted version invented by Romans around 100 AD
Stiletto
T
Telephone[78][79][80]
Thermometer invented by Galileo Galilei
TX-Active Pollution-mitigating concrete invented by Italian company Italcementi in 2009 [81]
Typewriter first practical and perfectly working typewriter invented by Pellegrino Turri in 1808 [82]
U
Universal joint, invented by Gerolamo Cardano in 1545[83]
University. The University of Bologna was founded in 1083 and is still operating to this day.
V
Vermouth first marketed by Antonio Benedetto Carpano in 1786.[84][85][86]
Vespa a successful Motor scooter developed by engineer Corradino d'Ascanio in 1946
Vibram rubber soles, invented in 1937
Violin, four stringed
W
Waterbed invented by Sanctorius in the early 1600s
Z
Zamboni pile.[87]
Ziegler-Natta catalyst, catalyst to produce polymers co-invented by Giulio Natta[88]
External LinksOne Thousand Years of Science In Italy